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\yATER 





Q 


WORKS 

SYSTEMS 


For SMALL TOWA[S, CITIES, ETC. 


Published 

specially 

for 


city officials 
who 
are 

contemplating 
water works 


construction 




By 'RICHA. Rt> C. HX/STOJV 


Member Western Society Engineers 


Member Illinois Society Engineers and Surveyors 
Vice-President American Pviblic Works Association 
Late Acting County Svirveyor of Cook Covinty, CKicago, Ill. 


C hicago. III. “ OFFICES — Laurel, Miss. 


















t ;d i^v b 

H 


LIBRARY of CONGRESS 
fwo Copies rteceivcu 

May 3 1905 

Copyigm tntry 

Sz4> / / 9 O + 

GLASS cc XXc, Not 

?SO 

L copy b. 

——~- . 


Title and Original Contents Copyrighted 

1904 









PREFACE 


The purpose of this little booklet is to emphasize the 
relationship that should exist between the City Father, the 
engineer and the contractor, in order to secure first-class 
systems of water works. 

Its aim is to establish facts concerning this subject that 
will materially assist city officials in the purchase and main¬ 
tenance of modern and economical plants. 

Many of the tables and formulas in this booklet are not 
the work of the author, but are compiled from works of rec¬ 
ognized standard merit. In some instances an average has 
been struck between the formulas of several recognized 
engineering authorities. Where they occur in the body of 
the reading-matter they will be found quoted. Some of the 
tables referring to quantity of material, cost of operating, 
etc., are compiled from the actual engineering work of the 
writer, and have never before been printed. 

It has been the writer’s object to use language readily 
understood by all, and for that reason, the almost total ab¬ 
sence of technical engineering terms wil be noticed. 














CONTENTS 


PAGES 


Air Compressors.. 

American Public Works Association. Officers 
“ *' “ Rules.. 

Appendix. 

Average Cost of Water Pipe. 

Receipts of Water Companies.. 

Cost of Water Works.. 

Reduction in Insurance Rates. 

Charge for Hydrant Rentals. 

“ “ “ Taps. 

Capacity of Deep Well Pumps. 

Daily Allowance for Various Purposes. 

Distribution. 

Duplicate System. 

Electrical Units. 

Electrolysis. 

Fire Protections. 

“ Streams. 

Friction of Water in Elbows (table). 

“ Pipes “ . 

Gross Earnings of Water Works.. 

Grade. 

Hydrants.• •... 

Connections (plate). 

Hydraulic Grade Line. 

How to Pay for Water Works.. 

Jute Packing (table). 

Kind of Water. 

Lead (table). 

Mensuration. 

Mount Olive Pumping Station (plate) .•• 

•• •• “ " description.... 

Number of Hydrants required. 

Operating Expenses . 

Power Station.. 

Preface. 

Pressure. Temperature of Steam. 

Service. Water Connection (plate) . 

Source of Water Supply. 


Sieam. 

Steam Heating.. 

Steam Engine. 

Steel Tower and Tank. 

Stand Pipe.. 

Tables of Velocities. Gallons discharged, Cost of Water Pipe. Friction, etc. 
“ Gallons discharged per minute through various sizes of Nozzles.. 

“ “ Friction in Water Elbows.... 

“ “ . Pipes..... 


Units of Heat. 

Useful Information—Water.„. 

Valves. 

Water.... 

Water Works...— 

*• *’ What Makes Possible a First-class 

“ “ Cost. 

“ “ of Operating. 

Earning. 

Weight... 


36 and 


32 and 


30 and 


16 and 


12 

35 

37 

27 

15 

7 

8 
8 


12 

10 

13 

16 

33 
20 

■l 

li 

25 

26 
8 

20 

19 
18 

20 
20 
15 

9 

15 
32 
17 
19 
11 

8 

16 
3 

27 
6 

11 

28 
30 
29 
16 
16 
15 

24 

25 

26 

34 
23 
19 
28 

7 
13 

8 
8 
8 

28 


































































, SEF?vrcc Watk^ Connection 



o. 


Standard “ TAP ” or CONNKCTION. showing Corporation Cock 








































WATER WORKS 


About 6o per cent, of the water works plants in this country are 
owned and controlled by private parties, or corporations. Does 
this prove that water works is a good thing? Does it prove that 
it is a necessity? Let us consider for a moment the merits of good, 
pure and wholesome water for any community, large or small, and 
reason with ourselves, and see if we want to build and equip a first- 
class water works. 

Water is required in every community for a great variety of 
uses: 

First, the public uses are such as for cleaning streets, flushing 
sewers, for fountains, and last, but not least, for extinguishing 
fires. Second, the private uses are for drinking, washing, cooking, 
bathing; and in manufacturing towns for manufacturing pur¬ 
poses, water is indispensable. 

The revenue from consumers is about as follows: 

Fire protection to cities, towns, etc., furnished by private water 
works companies is paid for by hydrant rental, and usually runs 
from $30 to $60 per hydrant, $40 being about the average. It is 
customary for companies to furnish city water for fountains and 
public offices free of charge. For domestic purposes, the average 
charge throughout the country is $12.40 per tap per year. For 
manufacturing purposes, the water is generally delivered through 
meters and paid for at the rate of 5 cents to 25 cents per 1,000 gal¬ 
lons, according to the amount used. You will see from these 
charges, that financially speaking, a water works operated at 
about 60 to 65 per cent, of the gross receipts is a good investment. 
Does this not answer the question: Is water works a good thing? 

7 


8 


WATER WORKS SYSTEMS 


Now, let us see what other benefit there is to be derived besides 
the general health of the community where a good, pure and ade¬ 
quate supply of water is to he had. An adequate water works will 
prevent excessive fires and thus cheapen the cost of insurance. 
The writer knows of many cases where towns of from 2,000 to > 
4,000 inhabitants have reduced the aggregate rate of insuiance 
$1,500 to $3,500 per year respectively, or about 75 cents per capita, j 
The total cost of water works will he about $8 to $10 per capita. 

We have now estimated the cost of water works, let us see what j 
returns can be expected. In a town of 5,000 people water works j 
will cost, sav $45,000. There will be approximately sixty fire by- | 
drants. If the town owns and controls the works, it will save $40 j 
per hydrant per year, or $2,400 per year. After the third year of 
the operation of water works we can safely estimate the number of 
taps as one to every fifteen people, or 333 taps or consumers in a 
town of 5,000 people. We can he conservative in estimating $1000 
from mills, factories and manufacturing enterprises. A first-class 
svstem of water works can be operated at 63 per cent, of the gross 
receipts. When operated in connection with electric light plant 
this can be reduced. 

RECAPITULATION OF GROSS EARNINGS 


60 Hydrants at $40 each.per year $2,400 00 

333 Taps at $12.40 each. “ 4,129 20 

Manufacturing and Miscellaneous. 1,000 00 

Gross Receipts. $7,529 20 


OPERATING EXPENSES 


One Engineer at $83.33 per month. $1,000 00 

Two Firemen, $35 and $40; $75 per month. 900 00 

600 Tons of Coal at $3 per ton. 1,800 00 

Miscellaneous Expenses.. 500 00 

Total cost of operating.$4,200 00 

Fixed charges ) 

45,000 in 5 per cent bonds \ . 3,250 00 

Total Expenditures. $6,450 20 —$6,450 20 

Ne- Receipts. $1,079 20 
























WATER WORKS SYSTEMS 


9 


The foregoing estimate is low, conservative, and the writer 
firmly believes the same to be below the average. 

Now, let us add one more financial statement which I believe 
I will convince the most skeptical that water works are a most safe, 
reliable and most needed improvement for every community. 
The taxpayers will save in their insurance premiums at least $3,000 
per year. This item alone will more than pay for the interest on 

the bonds. 

Now, reader, I hope I have interested you in the thought that we 
need and must have a system of water works. Let me now give 
you the most essential thoughts to be considered in procuring a 
first-class svstem of water works. 

•s 

1st.—The kind of water. 

2d.—The quantity of water. 

3rd.—The source of supply. 

4th.—The ways to convey it to the community. 

In the answer to each of these thoughts, some of the most learn¬ 
ed engineers have spent their entire earthly career in producing 
the best results. We have the results of their experiences as our 
guide, so let us profit by the pointers directed to us by the most 
competent authorities on the subject when contemplating the con¬ 
struction of any public improvement. 

First, let us consider the kind of water. 

A communitv requires pure water for some purposes, and those 
are specially for drinking and cooking. Pure water is not neces¬ 
sary for every purpose, such as for washing the streets, extinguish¬ 
ing fires, etc. However, practically speaking, it is desirable to get 
an ample supply of water of a certain quality sufficiently good for 
drinking. There are several ways of securing the supply, namely 
rivers, creeks, lakes, wells, and artesian wells, and to determine 
the best way is to procure a sample of each supply available and 
send the same to some competent and reliable chemist to analyze 
and report to your engineer the analysis of both qualitative and 







10 


WATER WORKS SYSTEMS 


qualitive.test, whose duty it will be to direct you to your source of 
supply. After determining the source of supply we must now di¬ 
rect our attention to the quantity. I will give here what I con¬ 
sider an ample daily allowance for the following purposes. 


“ Each person. 

Bath, average. 

Horse . 16 

Two-wheel carriage .... . 9 

Four-wheel carriage.. ..20 


. 5 gallons daily 

. 25 “ “ 

gallons daily 

if j- per application 


Garden, one square yard. 2}4 “ daily 


Street Sprinkling 

Macadam —600 sq. yds . 1 

Paved Block —400 sq. yds. .... 1 
Mia nnfa ctu ring 

Varies 25 to 100 gallons per day.” 


ton per application 
ton “ 


‘‘ On an average of 120 English towns the use of water daily foi 
families is proven to be twenty-five gallons per head. The ex¬ 
tremes are ten and fifty-six gallons. ” In America, this average is 
higher, about forty gallons per head. In large cities where large 
manufacturing plants are numerous, 150 gallons is not too much 
to estimate. However, in small cities, fifty gallons is a safe esti¬ 
mate to he delivered to the consumer for domestic purposes. This 
does not include the supply for fire protection, which is generally 
supplied from reservoirs holding about three to five hours' run— 
in case of fire supplying three to five hydrants of 250 gallons per 
minute for each hydrant. The pressure is kept constant by a fire 
pump (in absence of elevated tank and tow T er, or water storage 

o 

tanks under air pressure with at least 200 feet head). 














WATER WORKS SYSTEMS 


11 


The following is the number of fire streams based upon the pop¬ 
ulation : 

No. of 250 g-alls. streams avail¬ 
able simultaneously in addition 
to domestic service. 

.. 2 

. 3 to 5 

. 4 to 6 

. 5 to 11 

. 7 to 14 

. 12 to 20 

.... 16 to 24 

. 20 to 32 

i 

To sustain a stream of 250 gallons per minute through 21-2 
inch rubber hose, 100 feet in length and 1 1-4 inch nozzle, a press¬ 
ure of forty-four pounds per square inch at the nozzle is required. 

SOURCE OF SUPPLY 

Having thus ascertained the quantity of water needed, let us 
now determine and secure the source of supply. We have found 
it necessary to take samples of all water for analysis which appears 
to us as a sufficient supply, and which may be from a river, lake, 
creek or artesian well, all of which are supplied from the rain. 
Rain in its first state is not fit for a proper water supply. In the 
first place it is soft and is well aerated. Thus it is necessary to col¬ 
lect it on the ground in order to get it pure. The impurities of 
rain are completely removed by Alteration through the soil. Rivers 
and lakes fed by rain, or in other words, acting as collecting reser¬ 
voirs are desirable, provided no adjacent, or nearby towns are dis¬ 
posing of their refuse, sewage, etc., into the stream, thus polluting 
it and rendering it unfit for public use, unless filtered or put 
through a chemical process, which is of course an expense but is 
worthy of due consideration. The next source of supply is the 


Total 

Population 

1,000. 
3 , 000 . 
5 , 000 . 
10,000 
20 , 000 . 
40 , 000 . 
60 , 000 . 
100 , 000 ., 













12 


WATER WO RES SYSTEMS 


artesian well. It is often thought that artesian wells always flow, 
but this is not the case. Water will always reach its level, and 
will not rise higher than its head. 

The fact both abroad and in America has been thoroughly dem¬ 
onstrated that by means of properly constructed artesian wells 
varying from 150 feet to 3,000 feet in depth, water of the finest 
quality and temperature is obtained in great abundance, and is en¬ 
tirely free from surface contamination. There are two ways of se¬ 
curing your supply from deep wells, viz: The deep well pump 
and the air compressor. The deep well pump is used when the sup¬ 
ply is limited, and the elevation of water is near the surface. I will 
give here the capacity of 4-inch, 6-inch, 8-inch and 10-inch wells 
as supplied" vfrith one of Cook's deep well pumps.* 

Inside Diameter Gallons per day 

of well . . 24 hours 

4 inches.:. 34,732 


6 “ 
8 “ 
10 


106,5% 

197,216 

318,124 


The limited supply of a deep well, operated by deep well pump is 
because of the fact that the working barrel is limited in size, that 
is, an 8-inch well will take a 7 7-16 inch diameter working barrel 
with a stroke of twenty-four to thirty-six inches. The number of 
strokes vanning from twenty to twenty-six per minute. 

When it is necessary to have a large supply of water it will be 
advisably to install an air compressor, which supplies air to well by 
means of small pipes placed in the well, thus forcing the water to 
a receiving basin or reservoir, in large quantities, sometimes three 
to seven times that of a deep well pump. This system can be used 
for pumping any number of wells at the same time and located any 
distance away. 

After determining the source of supply we must deliver the 
water to the consumer. I wish to state that there are many kinds 






WA TER WORKS S ) \STEMS 


13 


of water works as shown by the fact that under similar conditions 
water works at different localities vary in the cost of operation. 
The writer has made a study of these conditions, and has found 
many cases where the pfice of fuel and source of supply comparing 
favorably, but the operating expenses showed a large difference. 
I his is due to the poor and indifferent design in many cases, caus¬ 
ing excessive operating expense, while in the other case where 
operating expenses are minimum, the design is always first-class. 

WHAT MAKES POSSIBLE A FIRST-CLASS 
WATER WORKS? 

First.—A city or town with good and liberal-minded officials, 
who want, and will have the best that money can buy. 

Second.—An engineer who has studied the conditions and will 
apply his understanding to the true principles of engineering to 
the best interests of his clients. 

Third.—A contractor who will devote his entire time to fulfill¬ 
ing his contract in strict accordance with the specifications. 

The business relations and all interests in the work of the city 
council, the engineer and the contractor should be identical, namely 
the securing of a first-class job, which will always be a monument 
to their combined ability. 

DISTRIBUTION 

Let ns now convey the water to the community. 

First.—We must lay out our distributing water mains from our 
pumping station,'which should always be located near our supply 
of water, and if possible, near to our supply of fuel, that is, near a 
railroad, if we are dependent on coal supplied from neighboring 
cities. 

The distribution should be designed so that the thickly settled 
part of the city can be supplied in duplicate from the pumping 
station. 


14 


WATER WO RES SYSTEMS 


These mains should be sufficiently large to afford an ample sup¬ 
ply in case of fire with the least possible friction, that is, obviously 
water will flow with less loss of pressure through a large pipe than 
through a smaller one. 

Water mains should be laid a little to one side of the center of 
the street, usually eight feet north and west of the center line, and 
mains should cross each other at street intersections at right angles, 
so in case of fire, hydrants can be supplied from both directions, 
which will double the supply. 

No water main on business streets should be less than eight inch, 
and in dwelling section, not less than six inch, and when districts 
are thickly settled larger mains should be used. It is economy to 
lay sufficiently large mains in all cases—to meet future develop¬ 
ments changed by subsequent erection of larger buildings, etc. 

The size of the mains and pipe should be carefully guaged by a 
competent engineer to insure that too much head is not lost by 
friction, taking into consideration the supply needed for both do¬ 
mestic and fire purposes. 

I give below the following table showing capacity of pipe of dif¬ 
ferent diameters for various velocities of flow and loss of head by 
friction in feet for 1,000 feet of length, for new, clean pipe, taken 
as an average from M. D’Arcey, J. T. Fanning and F. C. Moore. 


WATER WORKS SYSTEMS 15 


Diameter of Pipe 
in Inches 

f 

Velocitj' in Feet 
per Second 

Gallons 
Discharge in 

24 Hours 

Averag-e Cost 

per Lineal Foot of 

C. I. W- P. 

laid complete 

Cast compared 

with 

4-inch Pipe 

! 

With a Head of 

150 feet, the length 

1000 feet, the 

following Pipe 

will discharge 

“FANNING ” 

Friction per 

1000 feet— 

Head required 

4 

3 

154,080 

$0 49 



9. ft. 

4 

4 

205,440 




17. ft. 

6 

o 

378,432 

61 

1.24 

40 cu. ft. 

6.8 ft. 

6 

4 

534,576 




12. ft. 

8 

3 

676,512 

82 

1.46 

80 cu. ft. 

4.5 ft. 

8 

4 

902,016 




7.9 ft. 

10 

3 

1,055,356 

1 05 

2.08 

123 cu. ft. 

4. ft. 

10 

4 

1.413,048 




6.6 ft. 

12 

3 

1,551,504 

1 27 

2.59 

220 cu. ft. 


12 

4 

2,128,672 












In the above table the price of Cast Iron Water Pipe is estimated at $25.00 per ton. 


By a careful study of the above table you can readily ascertain 
the size of main and comparative cost, and thus secure a rough es¬ 
timate. You must bear in mind the excavation and surrounding 
conditions regulating the work must be considered by an expert 
before a complete estimate can be made. 

The following is the number of pounds of lead required to make 
a joint on the sizes of pipe given below: 


Jute 

Lead Packing- 


4 

in. 

4.7 lbs. 

1-5 

lbs. 

6 

i i 

6.6 “ 

1-5 


8 

u 

9.1 “ 

}4 

, . 

10 

u 

13.1 “ 

5-16 

u 

12 

ti 

15.3 “ 

5-16 

u 

14 

i t 

18.5 “ 


u 

16 

4 ( 

22.5 “ 

y 2 

u 

18 

u 

27.0 “ 

S A 

u 

20 

i i 

33.5 “ 

A 

t i 













































16 


WATER WORKS SYSTEMS 


Sometimes it is economy to erect a steel tower and tank, or 
standpipe on some elevated plot of ground near the central part of 
the town or city to secure the needed pressure for domestic service, 
and in case of fire to supply water until fire pumps can be put into 
operation. This is called the “duplicate system," and is desirable 
in many cases because of its economy in operation. You can fill,! 
the tank or standpipe in a few hours, and for the balance of thej 
day leave sufficient supply without the aid of the pump. We will 
assume a tank of 100,000 gallons capacity erected on tower ioo 
feet to the bottom of tank; 1,000 feet of eight inch main, with three 
elbows, and using three hydrants simultaneously throwing 240 gal¬ 
lons per minute through 100 feet of 2 1-2 inch hose with 1 1-4 inch 
nozzle. We will be able to fight a fire for two hours and fifteen 
minutes. A duplex horizontal pump of 1,000,000 gallons capacity 
for twenty-four hours will fill the tank in two hours and fifteen 
minutes. This makes a very desirable system. 

POWER STATION 

When designing the power station, you must bear in mind that 
this part of the water works is the most important. We must 
have first-class machinery, boiler, etc. The insurance companies 
have recognized the necessity of this and they require all pumps, 
boilers, deep well pumps, or air compressors, wells, etc., to be 
made in duplicate before they will give any great reduction in 
rates of insurance. 

Plate “A.” is a plan of Mount Olive Pumping Station, showing 
the control of a duplicate system, by a series of valves. 

“D. W." denotes a “Cook deep well pump,” located over an 8- 
inch artesian well, having a capacity of more than 100,000 gallons 
per 24 hours. This pump will pump water from said well direct 
into reservoir (holding 50,000 gallons) by closing valve “C.” If 
desired, this pump will force water into city mains and water 
tower by closing valves “BA and “EA and opening valves “CA 




17 


PLATE “A 




































te 


15 

S > 


18 


























WATER WO RES SYSTEMS 


19 


and “D.” In case of fire, the horizontal duplex pump (Smith- 
Vaile make, capacity 500,000 gallons per 24 hours) “F. P.” will 
take suction from reservoir, and by opening valve “A.” and clos¬ 
ing vales “Cand “D.” will pump directly into city mains, sus¬ 
taining a pressure of 150 pounds. And in case of emergency, the 
valves “C.” and “D.” being closed, the valve “E.” opened, the 
water in tower will flow into reservoir, thus increasing the supply. 

The town of Mount Olive has a population of 1,500. Cost of 
water works, $12,000. Constructed, 1904. W. C. Porter, con¬ 
tractor. R. C. Huston, designing and supervising engineer. 

VALVES 

Let us consider a few subjects with which we deal in the instal¬ 
lation of a system of water works. The distribution of water mains 
should be well supplied with valves. In case of leaks or repairs in 
any section of the system this section can be shut off and repaired 
without the least interference of the rest of the mains, and again 
in case of a large fire, you can shut out other districts, thus en¬ 
abling you to secure the output of your works in one or two sec¬ 
tions at a time. 


HYDRANTS 

Fire hydrants should be placed at street corners and not more 
than 500 feet apart and connected with the largest main adjacent to 
the corner. They should be of standard design, and if cold weather 
is expected, be supplied with frost proof standpipe, and if funds 
will permit, hydrants should be installed with auxiliary valves. 

Water hammer is a very dangerous thing and careful designing 
of valves and hydrants will help to minimize this trouble. The 
cause of shock in water pipe, or what is termed “Water Hammer, 
is the presence of air in the main, and by fast closing of a valve or 
hydrant against a pressure, which of course causes the rapid mo¬ 
tion of the water to and fro in the main. The air thus imprisoned 



20 


WATER WO RES SYSTEMS 


makes a bubble which grows larger and larger as it recedes until 
it reaches a stopping place and causes a sudden shock. The 
simplest method of preventing “Water Hammer/’ according to 
Prof. Thurston, is to introduce devices compelling the slow open¬ 
ing and closing of valves. 

HYDRAULIC GRADE LINE 

In laying the water main the pipe should be laid at uniform 
depth and no point in the line of main should be above the hy¬ 
draulic grade line. Hydraulic grade line, according to “Traut- 
wine,” is as follows: “In a straight tube of uniform diameter 
throughout, running full and discharging freely into the air, the ; 
hydraulic grade line is a straight line drawn from the discharge 
end to a point immediately over the entry end of the pipe and at a 
depth below the surface, equal to the entry and velocity head." 

Electrolysis .—We sometimes hear of electrolysis affecting the 
cast iron water pipe. This occurs in cities having street 
railways, and is caused by fugitive currents of electricity which es¬ 
cape from the trolley, and other wires (unprovided with proper 
returns in shape of a good copper wire) and find the shortest path 
back to the negative pole of the machine sending out the current. 
If a line of pipe crosses this path at this place the electrolysis takes 
place and almost always where the current leaves the pipe. 

GRADE 

Another important feature in the construction of the mains is to 
lay the pipe a certain depth below an established grade for the pro¬ 
posed finished street surface. This prevents uncovering the pipes 
when streets are brought to grade by excavating surplus material, 
rial. 1 ipes should always be laid below the frost line. 

Let us see how we can pay for water works. 

In some cases Clti es desiring water works, advertise for plans 
an s P ecifica tions and contract for a complete system. This usu- 






WATER WO RES S VS JEMS 


21 


ally invites a number of contractors submitting different designs at 
various prices, thus confusing the city authorities, unless they have 
competent advice to report on the plans, etc. After the city ac¬ 
cepts a certain design on the condition the contractor is to con¬ 
struct the complete system readv for operation and sell the same to 
the city for a price to be fixed by a board of appraisers, consisting 
of one engineer appointed by the city and one engineer appointed 
by the contractor,, and if they fail to agree, the two engineers ap¬ 
point the third engineer, who acts as referee and casts the deciding 
vote in case of a tie. After a price is fixed by the board, the city 
then votes “for” or “against" issuing bonds to pay for the works. 
If carried, the city advertises for purchasers of bonds to bid for this 
issue, the proceeds of which goes for the purchase of the works. 
While this is a good way to pay for a system in some respects, it is 
not desirable. In the first place, the contractor is compelled to car¬ 
ry the work to completion without any partial payment, which is 
always at the expense of the city at a later day. 

Two other methods of meeting the cost of the system are to be 
considered. First.—Issuing bonds to pay for the works, charging 
same upon the whole city as a general taxation. 

Second.—Dividing the benefit received from water works in 
two classes, viz: “Direct benefit” and “indirect benefit.” The di¬ 
rect benefit is the pumping station, including pumps, boiler, fix¬ 
tures, reservoir, and standpipe or tower and appurtenances neces¬ 
sary to furnish the general supply of water. The indirect benefit 
.consists of the water main which benefits the property adjacent 
thereto. 

The direct benefit is paid for by making the work a charge upon 
the whole municipality, raising the money by taxation or a bond 
issue. The indirect benefit is paid for by the issuing of special as¬ 
sessment bonds against the property adjacent to the proposed im¬ 
provement. In this case the municipality is not liable for payment 
of the special assessment bonds, which reduces their value. 




WATER WORKS SYSTEMS 


o'? 

ww 


The preliminary steps to be taken by the city authorities is first 
to engage a competent civil engineer to make report and estimate 
of the proposed improvement. Mr. M. W. Baker, Ph. B., in works 
on “Sewerage and Sewage Purification” states, “The report of the 
engineer having been completed and submitted to the proper offic 1 - 
als its adoption by them may be assumed. Sometimes the plan rec¬ 
ommended has to be submitted to a popular vote, but more often 
when a vote is taken it is only indirectly upon the specific plans 
proposed, the real question being whether bonds shall or shall not 
be issued for the execution of the scheme. After the general re¬ 
port is adopted the next step is to select an engineer to prepare de¬ 
tailed plans and specifications preparatory to advertising for bids 
from contractors. Frequently the engineer who made the prelim¬ 
inary studies is engaged as designing engineer, and sometimes to 
supervise the construction as well. This course has the advan¬ 
tage of continuing the services of one more or less familiar with 
local conditions. 

T here is a vast amount of interesting and important matter 
which might be added to this booklet without exhausting the sub¬ 
ject, but it is not the intention of the writer to make this a “techni¬ 
cal guide,” only a simple little book, which I hope will interest the 
“City Father” sufficiently to enable him to secure a first-class 
water works. 


WATER WORKS SYSTEMS 


23 


USEFUL INFORMATION—WATER 

Doubling- the diameter of a pipe increases its capacity four times. 
Friction of liquids in pipes increases as the square of the velocit}'. 

The mean pressure of the atmosphere is usually estimated at 14.7 
pounds per square inch, so that with a perfect vacuum it will sustain a 
column of mercury 29 9 inches or a column of water 33.9 feet hi g*. 

To find the pressure in pounds per square inch of a column of water, 
multiply the heig-ht of the column in feet by .434. Approximately, we 
say that every foot elevation is equal to one-half pounds pressure per 
square inch; this allows for ordinary friction. 

To find the diameter of a pump cylinder to move a g-iven quantity of 
water per minute (100 feet of piston being the standard of speed), divide 
the number of gallons by 4, then extract the square root, and the prod¬ 
uct will be the diameter in inches of the pump cylinder. 

To find quantity of water elevated in one minute, running at 100 feet 
of piston speed per minute, square the diameter of the water cylinder in 
inches and multiply by 4. Example: Capacity of a five-inch cylinder 
is desired. The square of the diameter (5 inches) is 25, which, multi¬ 
plied by 4, gives 100, the number of gallons per minute (approximately). 

To find the horse-power necessary to elevate water to a given height, 
multiply the total weight of the water in pounds by the height in feet, 
and divide the product by 33,000 (an allowance of 25 per cent should be 
added for water friction, and a further allowance of 25 per cent for loss 
in steam cylinder). 

The area of a Steam Piston , multiplied by the steam pressure, gives 
the total amount of pressure that an be exerted. The area of the Water 
Piston , multiplied by the pressure of water per square inch, gives the 
resistance. A margin must be made between the power and resistance 
to move the pistons at the required speed, say from 20 to 40 per cent, 
according to speed and other conditions. 

To find capacity of Cylinder in gallons. Multiply the area in inches 
by the length of stroke in inches wall give the total number of cubic 
inches; divide this amount by 231 (which is the cubical contents of a U. S. 
gallon in inches), and product is the capacity in gallons. 

To find the number of gallons in a Tank , multiply the inside bottom 
diameter in inches by the inside top diameter in inches, then this prod¬ 
uct by 34; point off four figures and the result will be the average num¬ 
ber of gallons to one inch in depth of the Tank. 







24 


WATER WORKS SYSTEMS 




The following 1 table is arranged to show at a glance the equivalent pressure due to 
columns of water from 10 to 400 feet in height- Also more particularly to show the 
number of gallons of water delivered, and the height to which it will be projected 
through nozzles from one-quarter inch to two inches diameter. 


(/) 

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05 CO 


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a 3 . 3 . x x i- ® irt -* o a « o is os »t ii x c; o >c »n 

- « « >t 1C S I- X 3 C C! ■* 3 X 3 C - X 1". 


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CD CO -r X CO 'i'* ”f ' r * >ft cc — JC 05 M M ‘O c. 

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- w o: k ^ -r’t i.c is is o •£ t- s c x x a ® cs c - 


J99J UI J9f JO jqSl9H 


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o’t c ^ o c c: ^ ^ cc x x w . 

cc x ^ o ^ ^ x - I*: $ w ir. x « ^ *x ^ h i 

- - Cl W CC W CC ^ -r ic iO ic O O O l- l 


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— — ~ Oi Ol Ol <M O* <M CO CO CO CO ~t ^ ^ Tt* rf »0 iO 


I 05 .0 


199J ui J9f jo jq^i0H 


05 OI o: X l- L': - -M o i- 'M O X 05 C O X f?u- X c 

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91UUILU J0Cl 

pa&i'eqosip suon^o 


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199J ui J9f JO iq^!0H 


X <M CO 

050500 t'«iO(MOr^C 005 Q 050 CMC 0050 
— (M CO »0 CO CO l'* l- 05 05 © — — — M 


ojnuiiu .lod 
p 0 ^.iT?qosip suopno 


WMCic;if; 3 -'X , 5 !Xrtc© — o- oC''rt- 

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t 

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~<M«-<i<miotoi~t-aocaro 3 so 


9jnuiui J9d 

p95i.rKqosip suoquo 


ifO CO CM CO »C SO IO ©l i— ^ to CO 


't O LC O ^ >C X X O O ^ X - LO 
— 'M 'M ?! CC CC CC ^ f -f 1.0 »0 »0 CO CO 


100J UI I0p JO iqJ^!0H 


wowi^ 


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— — Ol OJ CO CO CO ^ KO CO CO l" X 05 O — Ol CO >0 l'* 


J99J ui urntqoo jo jq5t9H | 


The pressure or head of water is taken at the nozzle, no allowance being made for 
friction in the pipe. In practical calculations to determine the height which water can 
be thrown the head consumed by the friction of the water in flowing from the pump to 
the nozzle must be considered. 


































































































































FRICTION OF WATER IN ELBOWS 
Pressure in Pounds per Square Inch to be Added for Each Elbow 


in 

UJ 

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■ —I — —C 1 M «««*«? •OC'C cur. 


Table is based on Weisbach’s formula for very short bends, or with a radius equal to the radius 
of the pipe. To find “Fiction Head” in feet multiply figures by 2 3. 















































































































































FRICTION OF WATER IN PIPES 



43 

O 

G 


o 

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V. 

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y ~o 

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12 

.; • *, >i ‘m^xccoos 

.o * £ o o o ^ w w 

#••*••••••••«••••••• • • 

####•••••••••••••••• • • 

• •«••••••••••••••*•* • • 

10 

::::::::::::::::::: 

• ••••••••••»•••••••• L ^ '•** XJ # ^ # 

. ..... 

• ••••••••»•••••••••• 

• ••••#•••••••••••••• 

<3 

: : : : : : : : : : : : ; : : : : : : 

• •••••••••••••* •••• 

• •••••••••••••••A*** 

00 

: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 

I. OOr.^NiNiOOl'VO 

• ••••■••••••••••a*** 


: : : : : : : : : : . : : : i.«i'woi.k 5 koio« 

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#•#•••••• *••••••* * * * * * .J ^ 

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: : : : : : : : : :2?m :5S3Ssc«i'C!'Ou:-$-aocc 
.OO .CCCO —-t!Ki6$X®«XG$ 

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. OOOOOO .OO*— ~<MCOH*COCi<MOwH* . . 

• ■•••• • •••• 


: : : :f)«icoi'®«os :«®ccffl®«wa®icM-K : : : : 

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; : : : * : ’ ^«e« n -4 eo !> ; ; ; ; 

\N 

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ro 

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toOOOO-;—WW .-rkOCOOeOGGCCi-O^fril^iO . . . . 

• *.; * * * * iH^e 5 c 4 »ct- 06 »H^ ! ! ! ; 

r <5 

loi^ooMi'WxisGGtco'-ortK;'?'® : : : : 

:0 0 O’-HH«NWift®Sffir-M®XXOt'.NNK 5 O® . . . . 

^ - IN CC iC *- d »c d * * * • 

; ; ; ; ; 

CJ 

<m h* x Tt« — 0 0 0 0 — 1- 0 0 0 oc 0 0 0 cp i- 0 0 : : : : : : : : 

OOOr-WCC^iflCOX^iCQOCiCWXC^-tfOO. 

woix • 

!!!!!!* ! 

Cl 

xtiMicww-woosTfoowccco : : : : : : : : : : 

0 ^(M-<tCOCBNc 055 ^K:XWCCX^aWrH^. 

. ~ ^ e* co 16 co i- 0 ^ — 06. 


_ _ ___ : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 

r-i^fOcDOt^OiC^OOO^OOO. 

* w co >6 x 6 4 0 m 16 w 05 * * .. 

~ ~ (M m oi co co ; : • . : ; • ; ; • : ; : \ 

rH 

r.ir.xtQin ::::::::::: : 

WOWC*t«i|'-»l®CO"CC. 

* 4 ®iH'co(®'W? 6 o- 4 coo 6 « 64 'o : : • • •. 

®x ; ; ; : ; ; ; : ; ; • ; ; ; ; 

rH 

■ , 

' ' ' w — ••••••••••••••••••«••• 

QC 05 C • 

■ritow^bjia ::::::::::::::::::::: : 

rmm ' ^ >?* wj ~ 

CON 

CO O 1 '* ^ O • ••••••••••••••••••••••«« 

CO CO 06 O X. 


pajOAit^a 
oinuiH aad 
suoiixjo 


i/JOicCiCOiCOi/JCCCinOCOifjOiCOOOOOOOOOOO 
H-MN««^ l <fiO®M'®©O l NiCNO«C — ir. C*C C iO 3 ir„ C 

— — — — ci Cl co rs <+ «* ir, t» c ci >o 


Table is based on Ellis' and Howland’s Experiments. To find “Friction Head” in feet multiply figures by 2 






































































































APPENDIX 


These are practical figures, copied from reliable authorities 

Ice nearly frozen.weighs 57.2 pounds 

Temp. 40°. “ 62.38 “ 

Salt Water. “ 64.3 “ 

To ascertain how high water can be raised by vacuum: 

Take elevation of Barometer and multiply it by (after being reduced 
to 32° Fah.) 1.333 = Head in feet. 

Composition of Water: 

Oxygen.8 parts 

Hydrogen.1 part 

Imperial Gallon = 276 % cubic inches = 6 % gallons to 1 cubic foot. 
1 gallon — 10 pounds. 

United States Gallon = 231 cubic inches — 7 % gallons = 1 cubic 
foot (approximately) 1 gallon = 8.33 pounds. 


PRESSURE, TEMPERATURE OF STEAM 


From Atmospheric Pressure to 140 pounds per Square Inch, 


Atmos. Pres. 

212.8 

12 

245.5 

34 

281.9 

90 

335.8 

1 

216.2 

14 

249.6 

40 

289.3 

95 

339.2 

2 

219.6 

16 

253.6 

45 

295.5 

100 

342.7 

3 

222.7 

18 

257.3 

50 

301.3 

105 

345.8 

4 

225.6 

20 

260.9 

55 

306.4 

110 

349.1 

5 

228.5 

22 

264.3 

60 

311.2 

115 

852.1 

6 

231.2 

24 

267.5 

65 

315.8 

120 

355. 

7 

233.8 

26 

270.6 

70 

320.1 

125 

357.9 

8 

236.3 

28 

273.6 

75 

324.3 

130 

360.6 

9 

238.7 

30 

276.4 

80 

328.2 

135 

363.4 

10 

241. 

32 

279.2 

85 

332. 

140 

366. 


A cubic inch of water, evaporated under ordinary atmospheric 
presure, is converted into 1,700 cubic inches, or, in round numbers, 1 
cubic foot, and gives a mechanical force equal to raising 2,200 pounds 
one foot high. 











28 


APPENDIX 


STEAM 

27,222 cubic feet of steam weigh one pound; 13,817 cubic feet of air 
weigh one pound. 

The best designed boilers, well set with good draft, and skilful 
firing, will evaporate from 7 to 10 pounds of water per pound of first- 
class coal. 

In calculating horse-power of Tubular or Flue boilers, consider 15 
square feet of heating surface equivalent to one nominal horse-power. 

On one square foot of grate can be burned on an average from 1 0 to 
15 pounds of hard coal, or 18 to 20 pounds soft coal, per hour, with 
natural draft. With forced draft nearly double these amounts can be 
burned. 

Steam engines, in economy, vary from 14 to 60 pounds of feed water 
and from \*/ 2 to 7 pounds of coal per hour per H. P. 

Condensing engines require from 20 to 30 gallons of water, at an 
average low temperature to condense the steam represented by every 
gallon of water evaporated in the boilers supplying engines — approxi¬ 
mately for most engines, we say, from 1 to 1*2 gallons condensing water 
per minute per indicated horse-power. 

Surface condensers should have about two square feet of tube 
(cooling) surface per horse-power for a compound steam engine. Ordi¬ 
nary engines will require more surface according to their economy in 
the use of steam. It is absolutely necessary to place air pumps below 
condensers to get satisfactory results. 

Condensation discharged from steam traps and heaters into the 
atmosphere, when under pressures varying from 1 to 160 pounds, passes 
off 1 to 17 per cent of its volume in the form of vapor. This vapor must 
not be confounded with steam, as steam escaping tnrough a partially 
opened valve is detected by a hissing sound. 


WATER 

A gallon of water (IJ. S. Standard) weighs 8C pounds and contains 
231 cubic inches. 

A cubic foot of water weighs 62*4 pounds, and contains 1,728 cubic 
inches, or 7 */ z gallons. 

Doubling the diameter of a pipe increases its capacity four times. 

The mean pressure of the atmosphere is usually estimated at 14.7 
pounds per square inch, so that with a perfect vacuum it will sustain a 
column of mercury 29.9 inches, or a column of water 33.9 feet high at 
sea level. 

I'o find the pressure in pounds per square inch of a column of water, 
multiply the height of the column in feet by .434. Approximately, we 
say that every foot elevation is equal to one-half pound pressure per 
square inch; this allows for ordinary friction. 

Po find the diameter of a pump cylinder to move a given quantity of 
water pei* minute (100 feet of piston being the standard of speed), divide 
the number of gallons by 4, then extract the square root, and the prod¬ 
uct will be the diameter in inches of the pump cylinder. 


APPENDIX 


29 


The area of the Strain Piston , multiplied by the steam pressure, 
gives the total amount of pressure that can be exerted. I he area of the 
water piston, multiplied by the pressure of water per square inch, gives 
the resistance. A margin must be made between the power and the re* 
si stance to move (the pistons at the required speed), say from 20 to 40 
per cent, according to speed and other conditions. 

To find the capacity of a cylinder in gallons. Multiplying the area 
in inches by the length of stroke in inches will give the total number of 
cubic inches; divide this amount by 231 (which is the cubical contents of 
a U. S. gallon in inches), and product is the capacity in gallons. 

THE STEAM ENGINE 

The term horse-power is the standard measure of power as applied 
to steam engines. This unit of power has been adopted by all manu¬ 
facturers of steam engines in all parts of the world. 

The term originated with Watts, the so-called inventor of the steam 
engine. He demonstrated that a horse could work eight hours a day, 
continuously traveling at the rate of miles an hour raising a weight 
of 150 pounds 100 feet high by means of a block and tackle. Reducing 
this to equivalent terms, a horse could raise 150 pounds at the rate of 
220 feet, per minute, or 2>^ miles an hour, or 33,000 pounds one foot per 
minute. Thus a horse power is the power required to raise 33,000 pounds 
one foot a minute. There are three kinds of horse-power referred to in 
connection with engines— Nominal Indicated and Actual 

The nominal horse-power is found by multiplying the area of the 
piston in inches by the average pressure, and multiplying this product 
by the number of feet the piston travels in feet per minute, then dividing 
this last product by 33,000, the quotient will be the nominal horse-power 
of the engine. 

The indicated horse-power is found by multiplying together the 
mean effective pressure in the cylinder in pounds per square inch. The 
area of the piston in square inches and the sped of the piston in feet, 
per minute, and dividing the product by 33.000. 

The actual horse-power is the indicated horse-power, minus the 
amount expended in overcoming the friction. The following is a general 
rule for calculating the horse-power of an engine: 

R Vr le_Multiply the area of the piston in square inches, the mean 

pressure of the steam on the piston per square inch and the velocity of 
the piston in feet per minute together, and divide this product by 33,000, 

the quotient will be the horse-power. 

The mean pressure in the cylinder less the friction in the pipes, 


when cutting off at— 

y stroke, equals boiler pressure. X .597. 

l / 3 stroke, equals boiler pressure.X .670. 

Yz stroke, equals boiler pressure.X .743. 

y 2 stroke, equals boiler pressure.X .847. 

Y stroke, equals boiler pressure.X -919. 

Y stroke, equals boiler pressure.X .937. 

Y stroke, equals boiler pressure.X .966. 

Y stroke, equals boiler pressure.X .992. 












30 


APPENDIX 

To find the diameter of a cylinder of any engine of a required nomi¬ 
nal horse-power: 

Rule—Divide 5,500 by the velocity of the piston in feet per minute, 
and multiply the quotient by the required horse-power, the product will 
be the area of piston in square inches; from this the diameter can be j 
obtained by referring to table of areas of circles. 

To determine the effective power of an engine by an indicator: 

Rule—Multiply the area of the piston in square inches by the I 
average force of the steam in pounds; multiply this product by the ] 
velocity of the piston in feet per minute; divide this last product by ' 
33,000, and 7-10 of the quotient will be the effective power. The travel 
in feet of a piston is found by multiplying the distance it travels in 1 
inches per one stroke by the whole number of strokes per minute; divid¬ 
ing this product by 12 gives the number of feet the piston travels per 
minute. 

STEAM HEATING 

In low pressure gravity systems of heating 85 square feet of radiating 
surface is equivalent to one horse-power. In vacuum systems at atmos¬ 
phere or under from 90 to 100 square feet is equivalent to one horse¬ 
power. For all ordinary conditions of steam heating, to ascertain the 
proper size pipe to be used for a certain amount of radiation, the follow¬ 
ing rule will apply: 

Take 1-10 the square root of the total radiation in square feet and 
the quotient is the diameter of pipe in inches. 

To find the diameter of pipe required having given the H. P. of 
steam required, multiply the square root of horse-power by .408. 

Pipe equivalent to one square foot radiation in one inch pipe is j 
approximately 2.9 lineal feet. 

MENSURATION 

] 

The area of a parallelogram. Multiply the length by the height 
or perpendicular by the breadth. Multiply the product of two contig¬ 
uous sides by the natural sine of the included angle. 

The area of a triangle. Multiply the base by the perpendicular 
height and take half the product. Multiply half the product of two 
contiguous sides by the natural sine of the included angle. 

The area of a trapezoid. Multiply half the sum of the parellel sides ! 
by the perpendicular distance between them. 

The area of any quadrilateral figure. Divide the quadrilateral 
into two triangles; the sum of the areas of the triangles is the area. 

The area of any polygon. Divide the polygon into triangles and 
take the sum of their areas. 

The circumference of a circle. Multiply the diameter by 3.1416 = 
.V reciprocal of 77 . 

The area of a circle. Multiply the square of the diameter by .7854, 
or the circumference by one-fourth of the diameter. 

The length of an arc of a circle. Multiply the number of degrees 
in the arc by the radius, and by .01745. 



APPENDIX 


31 


NOTE. — The length of an arc of one degree — radius X .017453 

minute = “ X .000291 
second = “ x 000005 


4 4 
U 


4 4 
4 4 


4 4 
4 4 


4 4 
ii 


4 4 
4 4 


44 
4 4 


4 4 
4 4 


The area of a sector of a circle. Multiply the length of the arc of 
the sector by half the radius. 

The area of a segment of a circle. From the area of a sector sub- 
stract the area of the triangle formed by the radial sides of the sector 
and its chord. The area of this triangle is the product of the natural 
sine and cosine by the square of the radial side. 

The area of regular polygons. Find the area of one triangle, and 
multiply by the number of triangles composing the polygon: 

Or, multiply the total cosines for the perphery by one-half the sine, 
by the square of the radius for the area. 


One-half No. of 

Chord Sides Vertical Prod. 


Pentagon . 5878 X 5 X .8090 = 2.3776 

Hexagon. 5000 X 6 X .8660 = 2.5980 

Heptagon. 4357 X 7 X .9032 = 2.7478 

Octagon. 3827 X 8 X -9238 = 2.8284 

Non agon. 3420 X 9 X .9396 = 2 8925 

Decagon. 3090 X 10 X .9510 = 2.9389 

Undecagon. 2817 X 11 X .9594 — 2.9739 

Dodecagon. 2588 X 12 X .9<>60 = 3.0000 

Circle. rj = 3.1416 

To find — 


The area of the cycloid. Multiply the area of the generating circle 
by 3. 

To find— 

The area of the parabola. Multiply the base by the height ; two- 
thirds of the product is the area. 

The circumference of an ellipse. Multiply the square root of half 
the sum of the squares of the two axes by 3.1416. 

The area of an ellipse. Multiply the product of the two axes by 
.7854 = X v. 

NOTE.—The area of an ellipse is equal to the area of a circle of 
which the diameter is a mean proportional between the two axes. 

To find the area of any curvillineal figure, bounded at the ends by 
parallel straight lines. Divide the length of the figure into any num¬ 
ber of equal parts and draw ordinates through the points of division, to 
touch the boundary lines. Or, add together the first and last ordinates, 
making the sum A; and add together all the intermediate ordinates, 
making the sum B. Let L. the length of the figure, and n — the num¬ 
ber of divisions, then 

A -f 2B 

--— X L = area of figure. 

2n 

That is to say, twice the sum of the intermediate ordinates, plus the 
first and last ordinates, divided by twice the number of divisions, and 
multiplied by the length, is equal to the area of the figure. This 
method is sufficiently exact for most purposes. 











32 


APPENDIX 


To find the surface of a prism or cylinder. To the product of th 
perimeter of the end by the height, add twice the area of an end. 

The cubic contents of a prism or a cylinder. Multiply the area c 
the base by the height. 

The surface of a pyramid or cone. Multiply the perimeter of th 
base by half the slant height, and add the area of the base. 

The cubic contents of a pyramid or cone. Multiply the area of th 
base by one-third of the perpendicular height. 

The surface of a frustum of a pyramid or a cone. Multiply th 
sum of the perimeters of the ends by half the slant height, and add th' 
areas of the ends. 

The cubic contents of the frustum of a pyramid or cone. Add to 
gether the areas of the two ends and the mean proportional betweei 
them (that is, the square root of their product) and multiply the sum b^ 
one-third of the perpendicular height. 

The cubic contents of a wedge. To twice the length of the base ad< 
the length of the edge; multiply he sum by the breadth of the base, ant 
b}^ one-sixth of the height. 

The cubic contents of a prismoid (a solid of which the two ends an 
unequal but parallel plane figures of the same number of sides). T' 
the sum of the area of the two ends add four times the area of a sectioi 
parallel to and equally distant from both ends; and multiply the sun 
by one-sixth of the length. 

The surface of a sphere. Multiply the square of the diameter b 1 
3.1416. 

The surface of a sphere is equal to four times the area of one of it 
great circles. 

The surface of a sphere is eqiuil to the convex surface of its circum 
Scribing cylinder. 

The surfaces of spheres are to one another as the squares of thei 
diameters. 

The curve surface of any segment or zone of a sphere. Multiply th 
diameter of the sphere by the height of the zone or segment, and b’ 
3 1416. 

The cubic contents of a sphere. Multiply the cube of the diamete 
by .5236 = ]/e v- 

The cubic contents of the segments of a sphere. From three time; 
the diameter of the sphere subtract twice the height of the segment 
multiply the difference by the square of the height and b}- .5236. 

The cubic contents of a frustum or zone of a sphere. To the sum c 
the squares of the radii of the ends add Vs of the square of the height 
multiply the sum by the height and by 1.5708 = x / 2 77 . 

The cubic contents of a spheroid. (A solid body generated by tin 
revolution of an ellipse around one of its axes). Multiply the square o 
the revolving axis by the fixed axis and by .5236. 


ELECTRICAL UNITS 

Unit of space: 1 centimetre, C; of mass, 1 gramme, G; of time, 
second, S. 


APPENDIX 33 

The definitions of units as adopted nt the International Electrical 
Congress at Chicago in 1893, established by Act of Congress of the 
United States, July 12, 1894, are as follows : 


The ohm (the unit of resistance, represented by R.) is equal to 10° 
(or 1,000,000,000) units of resistance of C. G. S. system and is repre¬ 
sented by the resistance offered to an unvarying electrical current by a 
column of mercury at 32° Fahr. (14 4521 grammes in mass) ot a constant 
cross-sectional area, and of the length of 106.3 centimetres. 

The ampere (the unit of current strength, or rate of flow, represented 
by C) is one-tenth of the unit of current of the C. G. S. S 3 'stem, and is 
the equivalent of the unvarying current which, when passed through a 
solution of nitrate of silver in water in accordance with standard speci¬ 
fications, deposits silver at the rate of .001118 gramme per second. 

The volt (the unit of electro-motive force, or difference of potential, 
represented by E) is the electro-motive force that, steadily applied to a 
conductor whose resistance is 1 ohm, will produce a current of one 
ampere, and is equivalent to 1000/1434 (or .6794) of the electro-motive 
force between the poles or electrodes of a Clark’s cell at a temperature 
of 15° C., and prepared in the manner described in the standard speci- 
cations. 

The coulomb (or ampere-second, the unit of Quantity, Q) is the 
quantity of electricity transferred by a current of one ampere in one 
second. 

The farad (the unit of capacity represented by K) is the capacity of a 
condenser charged to a potential of one volt by one coulomb of electricity. 

The joule (volt-coulomb, the unit of energy or work, W) is equal to 
10,000,000 units of work in the C. G. S. system, and is practically 
equivalent to the energy expended in one second by an ampere in one 
ohm. 

The watt, or ampere-volt (the unit of power, P) is equal to 10,000,- 
000 units of power in the C.G. S. system and is practically equivalent to 
the work done at the rate of one joule per second; 746 watts = 1 H. P. 

The henry (the unii of induction) is the induction in a circuit when 
the electro-motive force induced in this circuit is one volt, while the 
inducing current varies at the rate of one ampere per second. 

The ohm, volt, etc. as above defined, are called “the international” 
ohm, volt, etc. to distinguish them from the “legal ” ohm, B. A. unit, etc. 

The value of the ohm, determined by a committee of the British Asso¬ 
ciation in 1863, called the B. A. unit, was the resistance of a certain 
piece of copper wire preserved in London. The so-called “ legal ” ohm 
as adopted by the International Congress of Electricians in Paris in 
1884, was a correction of the B. A. unit, and was defined as the resist¬ 
ance of a column of mercury 1 square millimetre in section and 106 cen¬ 
timetres long, at a temperature of 32° F. 


1 legal ohm = 1.0112 B. A- units, 1 B. A. unit = 0.9889 legal ohm 

1 international ohm = 1.0136 “ “ 1 “ “ =0.9866 Int. ohm 
1 “ “ =1.0023 legal ohm, 1 legal ohm =0.9977 “ 





34 


APPENDIX 


UNIT OF HEAT 

The British Thermal Unit (B. T. U.) is that quantity of heat re¬ 
quired to raise the temperature of 1 pound of pure water 1° F. at or 
near 39.1° F., the maximum density of water. 

The French thermal unit, or calorie, is that quantity of heat which 
is required to raise the temperature of 1 kilogramme of pure water 1°C., 
at or about 4°C., which is equivalent to 39.1° F. 

1 French calorie = 3.968 British thermal units, 1 B. T. U. = .252 
calorie. 


OFFICERS, 1904 

American Public Works Association 

President 

J. A. OMBERG, JR., C E., 

Memphis , Term. 

Vice-President 
RICHARD C. HUSTON, C. E. 
Laurel , Miss. 

Secretary 
W. H. FLINT 

U- S. Cast Iron, Pipe & Foundry Co. 
Chattanooga , Term . 

Treasurer 

H. J. MALOCHEE 
Glenny & Castanedo 

jtyVa/ Orleans , Art. 


RULES 

of the American Public Works Association 


1. When State or municipal statutes conflict with Association 
Rules, the latter shall be waived. 

2. When work is done on a percentage basis, security should be 
given, to guarantee estimate and faiihful performance of the work. 

3. Designing engineer shall not compete for work advertised to be 
let under his plans and specifications. 

4. No bids shall be asked until money to pay for the work has been 
provided- 

5. Bids shall be opened and read in public. 

6. No bids shall be submitted after time named in advertisement. 

7. No bids shall be withdrawn after time set for opening of bids, 

8. Illegibility or ambiguity shall invalidate a bid. 

9. Bidders shall not be permitted to change prices stated in bid. 

10. Bids shall state specifically make of apparatus or machinery 
proposed, and same shall be specified in contract. 

11. When all bids are rejected, new bids shall not be made on the 
same specifications without re-advertising. 

12. The amount of certified check required shall be stated in ad¬ 
vertisement calling for bids. 

13. Bid bonds may be substituted for certified checks. 

14. Checks or bid bonds shall be returned to all but successful bid¬ 
der as soon as award of contract is made. 

15. Award of contract shall be made within thirty days after bids 
have been opened or checks returned to bidders. 

16. Bonds shall not exceed twenty-five per cent of contract price, 

17. Twenty days shall be allowed contractor in which to funish a 
satisfactory bond. 

18. In event of discrepancies between the drawings and specifica¬ 
tions, dicision of the engineer shall be final. 

19. All instructions regarding work shall be given by the engineer. 

20. Extra work shall only be done on written order of engineer, 
when authorized by contractee, at a price to be agreed upon. 

21. In deducting material not required, only the value of same 
shall be deducted. 

22. Changes in construction shall not be made to lessen quantities of 
material, in transit or in progress of manufacture, unless contractor be 
paid for all actual loss occasioned. 

23. When a specific make of machinery or apparatus is specified in 
contract, same shall be furnished in accordance with manufacturer’s 
plans and specifications, submitted with bid. 

36 


24. Engineer or his authorized assistants shall at all times have ac¬ 
cess to the work and materials, for purpose of inspection, and have 
notice of concealed work before it is covered. 

25. In event of emergency work, contractor shall notify engineer, and 
engineer shall furnish inspector. 

26. When work done in regular progress of the contract and ordered 
torn down for purpose of inspection, if found to be in accordance with 
the spec fications, shall be at cost of contractee. 

27. Engineer shall give written notice to contractor when work or 
material has been rejected. 

28. Monthly estimate shall be based on the contract price, and shall 
include all material delivered and labor performed during previous 
month. 

29. Monthly estimate shall be made on or before the fifth day of 
each month. 

30. Ten per cent of monthly estimate shall be retained by contractee 
until work is comple'ed. 

31. Time shall be allowed contractor for delay caused by strikes, 
accidents or other causes beyond his control. 

32. When work is completed, engineer shall accept or reject same 
within a reasonable time. 

33. Contractor is released from all future responsibility when con¬ 
tractee takes possession of plant, whether settlement has been made or 
not, unless otherwise agreed. 

34. When work is accepted, ten per cent retained shall be paid in 
final settlement, and bond shall be released and returned, except where 
a time guarantee has been agreed upon. 

35. Arbitration shall be resorted to in all cases before applying to 
the courts. 

NOTE. In drawing specifications, if eng-ineers will insert, “ Work 
to be done under rules of American Public Works Association,” it will 
not be necessary to print rules in full in specifications. 


37 

















INDEX TO ADVERTISERS 

The Engineering - Record. 40 

Riter-Conley Mfg. Co.... . 41 

The Acme Water Storage and Construction Co. 42 

W. M. Money & Co. 43 

Edward J. O’Beirne. 44 

J. P. Greenwood, M. E. 44 

Engineering News. 45 

The American Well Works. 46 

The Platt Iron Works Co. 47 

Chapman Valve Mfg Co. 48 

The William C. Porter Construction Co. 49 

Engineering News. 50 

Rensselaer Mfg. Co. 51 

Chicago Bridge and Iron Works. 52 

The Walsh and Weidner Boiler Co. 53 

The Brownell Company. 54 

The Bourbon Copper and Brass Works Co. 55 

St. Louis Expanded Metal Fireproofing Co. 56 

General Electric Co. 57 

Eugene Deitzgen Co. 57 

Southern Sewer Pipe Co. 58 

| Gardner Governor Co. 59 

Rudolph Kleybolte Co. 60 

Edison Mfg. Co. 61 

Herron Pumps and Foundry Co. 62 

Crocker-Wheeler Co. 63 

Work of R. C. Huston, C. E. 64 



































Save Money on your Contract 
Work by Advertising it in 

THE ENGINEERING RECORD 


The foremost contracting 1 news 
journal and recognized medium for 
such advertising. 

It reaches more responsible con¬ 
tractors than any other publication in 
America. 

In its columns, a proposal advertise¬ 
ment will be brought to the attention 
of all likely bidders* 

Cities, Counties, States, the United 
States Government, and many private 
institutions and companies, recognize 
it as the Best Medium in which to 
advertise their contracts. 

If you plan any improvement or 
construction work, close competition 
may be had by placing a small adver¬ 
tisement in its columns. 

Rates, $2 40 per inch per issue. 
Sample copies for postal. 


THE ENGINEERING RECORD 

114 LIBERTY ST. t i » , » NEW YORK 


40 

























THOS. B. RITER, 

President , 

WM, C, COFFIN, 


JNO. S. CRAIG, 

Sec'y and Tress. 

ROBT. A. McKEAN. 

General Manager. 


Vice President. 


RITER-CONLEY MFG. CO. 


PITTSBURGH, PA 


Steel Construction the World Ot)er 


Engineers, Designers & Contractors 


Stand Pipes X Gas Holders 
Water Tanks X Gas Works 
Oil and Gas Tanks 
Iron Mill and Factory Buildings 
Power Plants Riveted Steel Pipe 
Cold Storage and Ash Tanks 


General Offices, ✓ ✓ ✓ 55 and 56 Water Street, Pittsburgh, Pa, 

New York Office, ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 39 and 41 Cortland Street 

Plate Works, r/rrrrrr Leetsdale, Pa, 
Structural Works, ,,,,,, Allegheny City, Pa, 
CAPACITY, ✓ 100,000 TONS ANNUALLY 


41 







The Acme 

System of Water Storage 


TaK_es the Place of Stand Pipes , 
Elevated and Overhead TanKs 


Delivers ever} r gallon of water, stored in 
the tanks, at an unvarying pressure with 
the pumping machinery at complete rest. 

Needs no attention after the tanks are 
charged. 

Designed for the water supply to towns, 
country residences and establishments, 
and to tall buildings. 

Specially adapted to operate automatic 
sprinklers and other fire-fighting devices 
which require a constant high pressure. 

The tanks being air-tight, the water is 
absolutely beyond contamination after it 
has been stored. 

As the tanks can readily be sheltered 
from the sun’s rays the water is kept cool. 

The storage capacity of these plants 
can be increased without disturbing any 
part of the original installation, making 
the system a most economical one for 
growing towns. 

Adopted by the United States Govern¬ 
ment in its fortifications. 

Endorsed by the National Board of 
Fire Underwriters. 

THE ACME WATER STORAGE <a CONSTRUCTION CO. 

PARK ROW BLDG. ^ ^ NEW YORK, N. Y. 

_ 42 







W. M. MONEY & CO. 


Well Contractors 


LAUREL. MISSISSIPPI 


Contracts for Artesian Wells, 
Oil Wells. X X X etc. 


Specifications and Estimates 
Furnished on Application. 


Estimates Furnished and 
Contracts Taken for All 
Kinds of Pumping Plants. 


- -■ = MEMBER. = 

AMERICAN PUBLIC WORKS ASSOCIATION 


43 





















EDWARD J, O'BEIRNE 

Contracting Engineer 


MEMBER AMERICAN PUBLIC WORKS ASSOCIATION 

Electric Light Plants 
Railway Construction 
Water Works and Sewerage 


418 SCIMITAR BUILDING, MEMPHIS, TENN. 


Plans, Specifications and Estimates Furnished for Complete 
Electric Plants Electric Light and Power 
Installations Superintended, 

J, P. GREENWOOD, M, E, 


MEMBER AMERICAN PUBLIC WORKS ASSOCIATION 


(£inuutltuuj anh (Snnlrarttng Enruurrr 

Representing 

Electric Machinery Co., Minneapolis. Minn. 

Reeves Engine Company, New York City 
M. T Davidson (Pumps), Brooklyn 
Tudor Boiler Manufacturing Company, Cincinnati 

ROOM 918, HIBERNIA BUILDING, COR. CARONDELET AND GRAVIER STREET 

NEW ORLEANS, LA. 

_ 44 


























WORK WELL DONE 
ggSi IS MONEY 

SAVED 

ENGINEERING NEWS 

has for over thirty years been used by all the lead¬ 
ing 1 cities, towns and counties in America when bids 
are wanted from responsible contractors and supply 

firms.The following from officials 

refer to work advertised in Engineering News : 



Ola ff-A 'I akiah, m- £$ ypt ■ 


“ The work has been awarded at prices satisfactory to this 
Council .”— J. F. G., Sec’y> Jersey Shore, Pa. 

“ Was a successful letting. ”— W. H. R., Cit} 1 - Engineer, 
Columbus, Ind. 

“I received forty-three applications in reply to our short 
ad. for water works and electric lights .”— B. M,, City Clerk, 
Canton, Miss. 

“ We have frequently recommended Engineering News as 
an advertising medium.”—Nl. & S., Eng’rs Atlanta, Ga. 

“ We feel that the ad. for furniture and fixtures paid us.” 
F. W. R., County Clerk, Fairfax, Va. 


Rate for Proposal Advertising is $2.40 an inch a time. Send us 
details regarding proposed work in which you are interested. : : 


SEND FOR A COPY TO DEPARTMENT E. tt.A 


- = ENGINEERING NEWS - 

2 2 0 BROADWAY X.X NEW YORK 

45 


























X5he 

American 

Well 

Works, 

Aurora, 

Ill., 

U. S. A. 



Manufacture THE 

UP-TO-DATE 
VERTICAL DEEP-WELL 
PUMPING MACHINERY 
AND ACCESSORIES 


Install Complete 

CHAPMAN’S COMPRESSED 
AIR WATER LIFT SYSTEM 
PLANTS, COMPRESSORS, 
Etc., for Villages, Cities and 
Corporations Driven by 
Steam, Electricity or Gasoline 


Jtskfor our 
printed matter and 
send in your 
specifications 

46 




















The Platt Iron Works Co. 
of Dayton, Ohio 

SUCCESSORS TO 

The Stiltsjeil = Bierce TSL Smith * Vaiie Co. 

—^ MANUFACTURERS OF » 

Pumping Machinery for Water Works 
Service; duplex, compound, triple 
expansion and crank and lly wheel 
types; condensing and nomcondens/' 
ing X Duplex and Triplex Power 
Pumps X Electric Pumps X Gas 
Engine Pumps X Centrifugal Pumps 
Sewage Pumps X Condensing Ap^ 
paratus X Air Compressors for Air 
Lift Systems X also the Stilwell Feed 
Water Heater and Purifier X the 
Victor Turbine X SmithA/aile Oil 
Mill Machinery X X X X 


Principal Office: Dayton, Ohio. 

Sales Houses at 504 Hennen Building, Mew Orleans, La. 

41/ Empire Building, Jltlanta Ga , 
and Dallas, Texas. 

47 _ 












Chapman Valve 
Mf’g Company 

MANUFACTURERS OF 

Valves and Sluice Gates 

Are prepared to furnish reliable information 
and estimates regarding Valves for Water 
Works, Sewerage Systems, Steam Power 
Plants, Lighting and Traction Stations and 
Fire Protection Systems. 


ELECTRICALLY OPERATED 
VALVES—FIRE HYDRANTS 


Designed upon engineering principles and 
accurately constructed of the highest 
grade materials. 

WE SOLICIT YOUR INQUIRIES. 

GENERAL OFFICES AND WORKS: 

Indian Orchard, Mass.,U.S.A. 

branches; 

Boston, 94 Pearl Street. New York. 28 Platt Street. 

Philadelphia. 18 N. Seventh Street. Chicago, 28 S. Canal Street. 

Cleveland, 97 Superior Street* St Louis. 618 Chemical Building. 

San Francisco, 63 First Street. Buffalo, 380 Ellicott Square. 

48 







THE ,LL - 

William G. Porter 
Construction Co. 

I— WMMB——B—— —— B —M — W 

LAUREL MISS. 



ONSTRUCTING Engineers in the 
construction of Water Works, Sewers, 
Electric Lighting PI ants, and 
other Municipal Im¬ 
provements 



WM. C. PORTER 

PRESIDENT 


CORRESPONDENCE SOLICITED 


MEMBER AMERICAN PUBLIC WORKS ASSOCIATION 

49 




















“More than 50 contractors and material men attended our 
water-works letting-, advertised in the Engineering- News. 
They were men of intelligence, well-informed, affable and 
good-natured, and everything passed off pleasantly. The 
prices were low and close.” 

— R. L. M., Mayor, Cuthbert , Ga. 


I T is a pleasure to do business with such contrac¬ 
tors and engineers. These are the men who read 

ENGINEERING NEWS 

Construction work and the supplies for such will 
cost less if the advertisement calling- for bids is 
ordered inserted in this journal. The hate is only 
$2.40 an inch. :::::::: 


DO YOU WANT HIGH.CLASS HELP? 

If so, insert a small Situations Open 
Advertisement in Engineering News. 

The RATE r IS ONLY 3 CENTS A WORD. 

BOOKS ON MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING 

Are for sale by us. Mayors, Councilmen 
and Commissioners should keep posted 
on subjects interesting them by reading 
the latest works. Send for Catalogue ’04. 


ENGINEERING NEWS, 220 Broadway, New York. 



7?/i f QP£AT(26h*X/£aJrOA/£/y!?.4te£C.i\A>(.I6 *63 ') 


50 














Rensselaer Mfg. Co. 

TROY, N Y. 



BRASS and IRON 

GATE 

VALVES 

For Water, Gas, 
Steam or Oil, 


THE COREY 

Fire 

Hydrant 



Sj— 


ST. LOUIS OFFICE, 

401 SECURITY BUILDING 

61 



















































































THEY DO NOT LEAK 


Steel Water 

Towers and 

Stand Pipes 


CHICAGO 
BRIDGE 
and IRON 
WORKS 

HORACE E, HORTON 

PROPRIETOR 

140CM05th St,, Chicago I1L 


Cut shows one of our 
Standard Water Towers 
for Municipal Service, of 
which we have designed and 
built more than one hundred 
in the Southern States. 

WRITE FOR CATALOG 





















The 

Walsh (Si We id tier 
Boiler Co . 

CHATTANOOGA, TENNESSEE, 

Build 

Towers and Tanks, Stand Pipes, 
Boilers of All Typ es, 

•<rV ♦C- ■» C- 


STANDARD and HIGH PRESSURE TUBULAR 
SCOTCH and CLYDE MARINE 
WATER TUBE, 


X 




/ii/ Kinds of Plate and Sheet Iron Work Castings 

WE CA'R'RV IM STOCK A FULL LIME OF 

Vci/^Jes, Fittings, Vipe, Packing 


53 









The Brownell 
Company 


DAYTON , 


OHIO 


PLAIN & AUTOMATIC 

ENGINES 


STEAM 

BOILERS 


FEED WATER 


HEATERS 














THOMAS FORD 

President 


P. BARDO 

Treasurer 


THE BOURBON COPPER 
& BRASS WORKS CO 


CINCINNATI OHIO 

JVo, 618-620 East Front Street 



L#ong Distance Phone 

Manufacturers of Mam 1930 


Fire 

Hydrants 
Stop Valves 

and 

Extension 

Valve 

Boxes 







































































































































































ADHESION NOT NECESSARY WITH 

CORRUGATED STEEL BARS 


FOR STEEL CONCRETE 
CONSTRUCTION 



%-in. Bar. Net Section, 0 18 sq. in. 
%-in. Bar. Net Section, 0-37 sq. in. 
%-in. Bar. Net Section, 0.55 sq. in. 
1 -in. Bar. Net Section. 0.70 sq. in. 
1^-in. Bar. Net Section, 1.07 sq. in. 


Weight, 0 64 lbs. per ft. 
Weight. 1.35 lbs. per ft. 
Weight, 1.95 lbs. per ft. 
Weight, 2 70 lbs. per ft. 
Weight, 4.00 lbs. per ft. 


These bars have an elastic limit of between 50,000 and 60,000 lbs. per sq. inch. 


Catalogues and designs furnished on application. 

St. Louis Expanded Metal Fireproofing Co. 

A, L. Johnson. (M. Am. Soc. C. E-) Company Engineer. 

ST, LOUIS, U. S. A., General Agents 


BRANCH AGENCIES: 

H. C> Miller, M. Am. Soc. C. E., 1 Madison Ave., New York City. 

Buffalo Expanded Metal Co.. D. S. Morgan Building, Buffalo, N. Y. 

T. L. Condron. M, Am. Soc. C. E., 1750 Monadnock Building, Chicago. 
Walter L. Webb, M. Am. Soc. C. E., Philadelphia. 

J. T. Norton M. Am. Soc. C. E.,606 Commercial Place, New Orleans, La. 

US 










General Electric Co. 

ELECTRICALLY DRIVEN TURBINE PUMPS 


T wo Stage Worth¬ 
ington Turbi n e 
Pumps driven by 
Di rect Current Gen- 
eral Electric 
Motor. Capacity, 
One Million Gallons 
every t w enty -fou r 
hours up to 200 feet 
heads. :: :: :: 


GENERAL OFFICE: 

SCHENECTADY, N. Y. 

Atlanta Office , Empire Building. Sales Offices in all Large Cities 


Eugene Dietzgen Company 

NEW YORK CHICAGO N F. IV ORLEANS SAN FRANCISCO 


WE DO 

BLUE PRINTING 


Send us your Tracings. Originators of the celebrated VAN DYKE 
PROCESS for making Black Prints. Fine and complete stock 
Drawing Materials and Surveying Instruments and all other goods 
used by the Architect, Engineer or Draftsman. 350 page Catalogue 
Free upon application, 


NEW ORLEANS BRANCH: 

NO. 145 BARONNE STREET 

NEW ORLEANS, LA. 
























Manufacturers of High-Grade Vitrified Salt Glazed 
SEWER PIPE, Made from Shale. 



Manufacturers of High-Grade Vitrified Salt Glazed 
SEWER PIPE, Made from Shale. 



































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Gardner 

Pumping Machinery 

FOR WATER WORKS PURPOSES 
Excel In Excellence of Construction 
and General Reliability, 2%, 



Made in Simple and Compound Types 
from 200,000 to 2,000,000 Gallon 
Capacities. Also Full Line of Boiler 
Feeders, Tank, Fire and Elevator 
Pumps.’ 

Correspondence from Cities 

CONTEMPLATNIG WATER WORKS 

Installations Solicited : : : 

THE GARDNER GOVERNOR 

QUINCY, ILLINOIS. 


CO. 


59 


















WE BUY OUTRIGHT 


Total issues of 

MUNICIPAL BONDS 


Issued for Water Works and 
other Public Improvements . 


Correspondence with Municipal Ofti" 
cers Solicited in Regard to Forthconi ✓ 
ing Issues. 


RUDOLPH KLEYBOLTE & CO. 

First Nat. Bank Bid., 1 Nassau St., 

Cincinnati. New York. 


60 


171 LaSalle St., 
Chicago. 












Edson 

Mnfc 

Co^. 

Diaphragm 

Trench 



Pump 


Will raise water containing sand, gravel, or sewage 
matter, or anything liquid enough to flow. They are 
made in two sizes : 

No. 3 , capacity 4,000 gallons per hour, one man 
No. 4 , capacity 6,000 gallons per hour, two men 

No. 3 Pump, with 15 ft. of Suction Hose, order name, R ACHIDIEN, Price, $52.50 

N0.3 “ “ 20“ “ “ “ “ “ RACKRENT, “ 60.00 

No.4 “ “ 15“ “ “ “ “ “ RARENESS, “ 77.00 

No. 4 “ “ 20“ “ “ “ “ “ RASHNESS, “ 88.25 

Prices include Pump, Special Suction Hose, Brass 
Couplings, Strainer and Spanner, complete, ready 
for immediate use. 

70,000 sold in fifteen years. 

EDSON MANUFACTURING COMPANY 
257 Atlantic Avenue BOSTON, MASS. 


61 









HERRON PUMP 
& FOUNDRY 
COMPANY 


Pumping Machinery 
for Every Service 


Fire Hydrants 
Gate Valves 


Bra^ss Castings 


Grey Iron Castings 


CHATTANOOGA, 


TENNESSEE 


62 













ELEC TP^IC 
GEJVE'RA. TO'RS 


Alternating and Direct Current 

FOR EVERY SERVICE 



Crocker-JbVheeler Direct Current Generator , driven by a Vertical Engine 

WRITE OUR. NEAREST OFFICE FOR 

RE CO M ME NBA TIOJVS 


CrocKer - Wheeler 
Company 

MANUFACTURERS ®. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS 

Branch Offices irv 15 cities--St. Louis, Chicago, Atlanta., Etc. 


New Orleans Office 
Hibernia. Bank Building 


AMPERE, jV. J. 


63 


































MAY 3 1305 7 A 

WORK OF R. C. HUSTON, C, E M 

Assistant Engineer to Colonel J.«#T. Foster, C. E., and Horace C. 
Alexander, C. E , of Chicago, on the following work: 

La Grange, Ill.Sewer 

Wilmette, Ill.Sewer and Water Works 

West Pullman, Ill.Sewer and Water Works 

Des Plaines, Ill.Sewer and Water Works 

Maywood, Ill. Water Works 

Rogers Park, Ill. Sewer and Street Work 

Lake Forest, Ill. Sewer and Street Work 

Aggregating $500,000 


Designing and Supervising Engineer 

Edison Park, Ill.Water Works and Sewer 

South Haven, Mich. ....Water Works 

South Wilmington, Ill.Water Works 

Des Plaines, Ill.Water Works, Sewer and Street Work 

Arlington Heights, Ill.Sewer and Street Work 

Barrington, Ill.Consulting Engineer Water Works 

Mount Olive, Miss.Designing Engineer Water Works 

Poplarville, Miss. ... .Designing Engineer Water Works 

Indianola, Miss.Designing Engineer Water Works Reconstruction 

Carrollton, Miss.Consulting Engineer Water Works 

Laurel Improvement Co., Laurel Miss.Consulting Engineer 

LaCrosse, Wis.Constructing Engineer Street Work 

Morgan Park, Ill.Constructing Engineer Street Work 

South Haven, Mich.Constructing Engineer Water Works 

American Bridge Co., Chicago.Constructing Engineer Bridges 


Consulting Engineer for Contractors on the following 

Public Improvements 

Cit} r of Chicago.Sewers 

Washington Heights, Ill. . .Sewers 

Sault Ste. Marie, Canada.Power Canal 

St. Louis.Storm Sewers 

rif f Phir' 1 . .Intake and Tunnel under Lake Michigan for Water 
y or ^nicago - f Supply 

Aggregating $2,500,000 


Examination and Reports 


Beaumont, Texas.Water Works 

Janesville, Wis.Water Works 

Natchez, Miss.Street Railway and Electric Lights 

Jackson, Miss. Street Railway and Electric Lights 

Baton Rouge, La.Street Railway and Electric Lights 

Laurel, Miss.Laurel Electric Light Plant 


Aggregating $2 ,000,000 

Acting County Surveyor, Cook County, Chicago, Ill. 

Engineer and Surveyor for Board of Education, Chicago, Ill. 

tB D ’05 ’ . 










































































I 


-8 4 94 











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N. MANCHESTER, 
INDIANA 46962 


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